Research through design as a method for interaction design research in HCI
1. p. 493
"Following a research through design approach, designers
produce novel integrations of HCI research in an attempt to
make the right thing: a product that transforms the world
from its current state to a preferred state."
2.
Christopher Frayling: research through design, 1993
3. What in RtD?
"What is unique to this approach to
interaction design research is that it stresses design artifacts
as outcomes that can transform the world from its current
state to a preferred state"
4. Why RtD?
"The artifacts produced in this type
of research become design exemplars, providing an
appropriate conduit for research findings to easily transfer
to the HCI research and practice communities."
5. How does RtD contribute?
"While we in no way intend for this to be the only type of research
contribution interaction designers can make, we view it as
an important contribution in that it allows designers to
employ their strongest skills in making a research
contribution and in that it fits well within the current
collaborative and interdisciplinary structure of HCI
research."
6. p. 495
"In adding to the research discussion of design methods,
Donald Schön introduced the idea of design as a reflective
practice where designers reflect back on the actions taken in
order to improve design methodology [22]. While this may
seem counter to the science of design, where the practice of
design is the focus of a scientific inquiry, several design
researchers have argued that reflective practice and a
science of design can co-exist in harmony"
7.
"...Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber proposed the concept of a
“Wicked Problem,” a problem that because of the
conflicting perspectives of the stakeholders cannot be
accurately modeled and cannot be addressed using the
reductionist approaches of science and engineering [21].
They argued that many problems can never be accurately
modeled, thus an engineering approach to addressing them
would fail."
8.
"Christopher Alexander’s work on Pattern Languages....
His work asks design researchers to
examine the context, system of forces, and solutions used to
address repeated design problems in order to extract a set
underlying “design patterns”, thereby producing a “pattern
language”...
The method
turns the work of many designers addressing the same
interaction problems into a discourse for the community,
allowing interaction designers to more clearly observe the
formation of conventions as the technology matures and is
reinterpreted by users."
9. p. 496
"Critical design presents a model of interaction/product
design making as a model of research [9]. Unlike design
practice, where the making focuses on making a
commercially successful product, design researchers
engaged in critical design create artifacts intended to be
carefully crafted questions. These artifacts stimulate
discourse around a topic by challenging the status quo and
by placing the design researcher in the role of a critic. The
Drift Table offers a well known example of critical design
in HCI, where the design of an interactive table that has no
intended task for users to perform raises the issue of the
community’s possibly too narrow focus on successful
completion of tasks as a core metric of evaluation and
product success"
http://designapproaches.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/bill-gaver/
10.
"Harold Nelson and
Erik Stolterman frame interaction design—and more
generally the practice of design—as a broad culture of
inquiry and action. They claim that rather than focusing on
problem solving to avoid undesirable states, designers work
to frame problems in terms of intentional actions that lead
to a desirable and appropriate state of reality."
11. p. 497
"It follows from Christopher Frayling’s
concept of conducting research through design where
design researchers focus on making the right thing; artifacts
intended to transform the world from the current state to a
preferred state."
12.
"Through an active process of ideating, iterating, and
critiquing potential solutions, design researchers continually
reframe the problem as they attempt to make the right
thing. The final output of this activity is a concrete problem
framing and articulation of the preferred state, and a series
of artifacts—models, prototypes, products, and
documentation of the design process."
reference: "epistemic artifacts"
13. p. 498
"Design artifacts are the currency of
design communication. In education they are the content
that teachers use to help design students understand what
design is and how the activity can be done."
14.
"These research artifacts provide
the catalyst and subject matter for discourse in the
community, with each new artifact continuing the
conversation."
"Christopher Alexander’s work on Pattern Languages....
His work asks design researchers to
examine the context, system of forces, and solutions used to
address repeated design problems in order to extract a set
underlying “design patterns”, thereby producing a “pattern
language”...
The method
turns the work of many designers addressing the same
interaction problems into a discourse for the community,
allowing interaction designers to more clearly observe the
formation of conventions as the technology matures and is
reinterpreted by users."
9. p. 496
"Critical design presents a model of interaction/product
design making as a model of research [9]. Unlike design
practice, where the making focuses on making a
commercially successful product, design researchers
engaged in critical design create artifacts intended to be
carefully crafted questions. These artifacts stimulate
discourse around a topic by challenging the status quo and
by placing the design researcher in the role of a critic. The
Drift Table offers a well known example of critical design
in HCI, where the design of an interactive table that has no
intended task for users to perform raises the issue of the
community’s possibly too narrow focus on successful
completion of tasks as a core metric of evaluation and
product success"
http://designapproaches.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/bill-gaver/
10.
"Harold Nelson and
Erik Stolterman frame interaction design—and more
generally the practice of design—as a broad culture of
inquiry and action. They claim that rather than focusing on
problem solving to avoid undesirable states, designers work
to frame problems in terms of intentional actions that lead
to a desirable and appropriate state of reality."
11. p. 497
"It follows from Christopher Frayling’s
concept of conducting research through design where
design researchers focus on making the right thing; artifacts
intended to transform the world from the current state to a
preferred state."
12.
"Through an active process of ideating, iterating, and
critiquing potential solutions, design researchers continually
reframe the problem as they attempt to make the right
thing. The final output of this activity is a concrete problem
framing and articulation of the preferred state, and a series
of artifacts—models, prototypes, products, and
documentation of the design process."
reference: "epistemic artifacts"
13. p. 498
"Design artifacts are the currency of
design communication. In education they are the content
that teachers use to help design students understand what
design is and how the activity can be done."
14.
"These research artifacts provide
the catalyst and subject matter for discourse in the
community, with each new artifact continuing the
conversation."
15. p. 499
"We differentiate research artifacts from design practice
artifacts in two important ways. First, the intent going into
the research is to produce knowledge for the research and
practice communities, not to make a commercially viable
product. To this end, we expect research projects that take
this research through design approach will ignore or deemphasize perspectives in framing the problem, such as the
detailed economics associated with manufacturability and
distribution, the integration of the product into a product
line, the effect of the product on a company’s identity, etc.
In this way design researchers focus on making the right
things, while design practitioners focus on making
commercially successful things."
"We differentiate research artifacts from design practice
artifacts in two important ways. First, the intent going into
the research is to produce knowledge for the research and
practice communities, not to make a commercially viable
product. To this end, we expect research projects that take
this research through design approach will ignore or deemphasize perspectives in framing the problem, such as the
detailed economics associated with manufacturability and
distribution, the integration of the product into a product
line, the effect of the product on a company’s identity, etc.
In this way design researchers focus on making the right
things, while design practitioners focus on making
commercially successful things."
16.
"research contributions should be artifacts that
demonstrate significant invention."
17.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING INTERACTION DESIGN
RESEARCH WITHIN HCI
(1) Process
- In documenting their contributions, interaction design researchers must provide enough detail that the process they employed can be reproduced.
- they must provide a rationale for their selection of the specific methods they employed.
(2) Invention
- Interaction design researchers must demonstrate that they have produced a novel integration of various subject matters to address a specific situation.
- In addition, in articulating the integration as invention, interaction designers must detail how advances in technology could result in a significant advancement.
- It is in the articulation of the invention that the detail about the technical opportunities is communicated to the engineers in the HCI research community, providing them with guidance on what to build.
(3) Relevance
- This constitutes a shift from what is true (the focus of behavioral scientists) to what is real (the focus of anthropologists).
- However, in addition to framing the work within the real world, interaction design researchers must also articulate the preferred state their design attempts to achieve and provide support for why the community should consider this state to be preferred.
(4) Extensibility
- Extensibility means that the design research has been described and documented in a way that the community can leverage the knowledge derived from the work.
Short report 2 (within 400 words)
Describe the above design projects with a research-through-design approach.
(You may need to briefly introduce this artifact and then discourse on four criteria in evaluation)
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